Main Clinical Diagnostic Practices, Evaluation, and Postoperative Treatment of Meniscal Injuries – An Integrative Review

Abstract

Introduction: The meniscus is a vital fibrocartilaginous structure in the knee joint, essential for impact absorption, load distribution, and maintaining joint stability. Meniscal injuries, which may result from trauma or degeneration, compromise knee mechanics and can lead to long-term conditions such as osteoarthritis. Treatment of these injuries ranges from conservative approaches to advanced surgical techniques, including meniscectomy, meniscal repair, and meniscal transplantation. Post-operative rehabilitation is crucial for functional recovery and preventing complications. Objective: The aim of this work was to review and analyze the main rehabilitation protocols, conservative treatment, clinical evaluation, and diagnosis used after meniscal surgery. The goal was to identify the most effective practices, thereby promoting better functional recovery and preventing long-term complications. Methodology: This study was conducted through an integrative literature review, focusing on rehabilitation protocols and post-operative treatments for meniscal injuries. Databases such as PubMed, SciELO, and Cochrane Library were searched between February and March 2024 for articles published between 2016 and 2024. The search included relevant articles with related keywords, resulting in the selection and qualitative analysis of 16 studies. Results: The review indicated a significant evolution in treatment approaches, with a growing emphasis on meniscus preservation to avoid long-term complications. Although meniscectomy provides immediate benefits, meniscal repair is preferred for its ability to preserve joint function and delay degeneration. Rehabilitation protocols showed substantial variability, but accelerated protocols were effective and safe for less severe injuries. For more complex injuries, such as root tears, a more restrictive approach is necessary. Personalizing rehabilitation protocols to the type of injury and patient profile was widely emphasized. Conclusion: The work underscores the importance of prioritizing meniscal repair and personalizing rehabilitation protocols to ensure functional recovery and prevent future complications. Interdisciplinary collaboration among orthopedists, physiotherapists, and radiologists is essential for accurate diagnoses and effective treatments. New therapies, such as stem cell use, show promising potential but require further evidence for broad application. Standardizing protocols and continuing research are crucial for optimizing the treatment and rehabilitation of meniscal injuries.